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八年級(jí)語(yǔ)法 | ?動(dòng)詞不定式

日期:2024-09-27 09:49 點(diǎn)擊:

 

動(dòng)詞不定式
 
1
概念引入

 

1. 動(dòng)詞不定式名言:
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)
To lose is to learn. 失敗就是學(xué)習(xí)。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)
It is better to give than to take. 給予比接受更好。
(3)不定式作賓語(yǔ)
Expect to be treated as you have treated others.
你怎樣待別人,就指望別人怎樣待你。
(4)不定式作賓補(bǔ)
Adversity causes some men to break,others to break records.
逆境使一些人崩潰,也使一些人破記錄。
(5)不定式作定語(yǔ)
There is a time to talk and a time to act.
該說(shuō)的時(shí)候說(shuō),該做的時(shí)候做。
(6)不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)
To find the exact answer,one must first ask the exact question.
要找到確切的答案,首先必須提出確切的問(wèn)題。
 
2. 動(dòng)詞不定式定義:
動(dòng)詞不定式是一種非謂語(yǔ)形式(不能作謂語(yǔ)),基本形式是to do形式(to是不定式符號(hào)的標(biāo)志,無(wú)意義,可以不翻譯)
肯定式:to + 動(dòng)詞原形
否定式:not to + 動(dòng)詞原形
 
 
2
用法講解
 
1.動(dòng)詞不定式的特征
動(dòng)詞不定動(dòng)式是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式,它沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化,在句子中不能作謂語(yǔ),但可以作除謂語(yǔ)之外的其它任何句子成分(主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ));動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,同時(shí)還保持動(dòng)詞的某些特點(diǎn),既可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),動(dòng)詞不定式和它的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。
 
2. 動(dòng)詞不定式在句子中的作用
動(dòng)詞不定式是由to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,在句中起名詞,形容詞和副詞的作用,可以擔(dān)任除謂語(yǔ)以外的其它任何成分。
(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)。例如:
To master a language is not an easy thing.
掌握一門(mén)語(yǔ)言不是一件容易的事情。
To teach English is my favorite. 教英語(yǔ)是我的愛(ài)好。
It's my pleasure to help you. 很樂(lè)意幫助你。
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)。
某些及物動(dòng)詞可以用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ),這些動(dòng)詞有decide, begin, help, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask等。例如:
I like to help others if I can. 如果有可能的話,我喜歡幫助別人。
I want to buy a new car when I have enough money.
我有錢(qián)時(shí)想買(mǎi)一輛新車(chē)。
(3)動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如:
We expect you to be with us. 我們希望你和我們?cè)谝黄稹?/span>
Please ask him to come here quickly. 請(qǐng)叫他快過(guò)來(lái)。
(4)動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)。例如:
What I should do is to finish the task soon.
我應(yīng)該做的是趕快完成任務(wù)。
The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.
當(dāng)務(wù)之急是馬上去找孩子。
(5)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。例如:
There are many ways to solve the problem.
有許多方法能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
I have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事情要告訴你。
(6)不定式作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
We went to the hospital to see our teacher.
我們?nèi)メt(yī)院看了我們的老師。
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from aTibetflower.
她在做試驗(yàn),從一種西藏花中提取某種有用的藥物
 
3.不定式后接特殊疑問(wèn)詞的用法
不定式可以和疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, which及疑問(wèn)副詞when, how, where等連用,構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。例如:
I don't know what to say. 我不知道說(shuō)什么。
Can you tell me how to make a paper boat?你能告訴我怎樣做一只紙船嗎?
I don't know which topic to choose. 我不知道選哪個(gè)題目。
Where to stay for the night is a problem. 晚上在哪兒過(guò)夜還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。
 
4.不定式的重要句型
(1)It’s+adj.+for (of)sb. to do sth.
當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用it作為形式主語(yǔ),而把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)后置。例如:
To meet you is a great pleasure. =It is a great pleasure to meet you.
非常高興見(jiàn)到你。
To plant trees every year is necessary.= It is necessary to plant trees every year.
每年植樹(shù)是必要的。
這種結(jié)構(gòu)往往還要有一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)。一般使用下面的結(jié)構(gòu):
1)It is +adj. +of sb.+to do sth.
 It is selfish of you to eat the whole birthday cake.
你真是太自私了,吃光了整個(gè)蛋糕。
2)It is +adj. + for sb. + to do sth.
It is difficult for me to learn English well.
對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)太難了。
 
【注意】for和of引導(dǎo)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
表語(yǔ)形容詞的語(yǔ)義不同是區(qū)別 for 結(jié)構(gòu)和 of 結(jié)構(gòu)的最重要標(biāo)志。
1) 在“It is(was)+adj.+for sb.+to do sth.”的句式中,作表語(yǔ)的形容詞大多是表事物性質(zhì)的靜態(tài)形容詞,如:essential,easy,difficult, important,necessary,possible,hard等等,這類(lèi)形容詞與for后面的名詞(代詞)關(guān)系不密切,無(wú)意義上的主表關(guān)系。例如:
 It is necessary for us to practise speaking English every day.
每天練習(xí)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是很有必要的。
 
2)在 “It is(was)+adj.+of sb.…”的句式中,作表語(yǔ)的形容詞大多是表示人物特征的形容詞。如:brave,careless,careful,clever,cruel,foolish,good,honest,(un)kind noble,polite,right,rude,sweet,silly,stupid,wrong等等。這些表示人物特征的形容詞與of后的名詞關(guān)系十分密切,有意義上的主表關(guān)系。例如:
It is kind of you(=You are kind)to send me a nice present.
謝謝你送我這么好的禮物。
It was stupid of her(=She was stupid)to make such a mistake.
出這樣的錯(cuò)她真是太蠢了。
 
(2)主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+too+形容詞/副詞+(for+sb.)+to+動(dòng)詞原形
表示“……太……而不能……”。例如:
He walked too slowly to catch up with me.
他走得太慢而不能跟上我。
It is too dark in this room for me to read a book.
房間太暗,使我無(wú)法看書(shū)。
This problem is too difficult for them to settle.
這對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)真是一個(gè)難解的問(wèn)題。
 
(3)主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+……形容詞/副詞+enough+(for sb.)+to+動(dòng)詞原形,表示“……對(duì)某人足以……”。例如:
We need several men strong enough to do the work.
我們需要幾個(gè)強(qiáng)壯得足以做這件工作的人。
They bought a house large enough for ten persons to live in.
我們買(mǎi)了一棟房子,大得足以供十個(gè)人住。
He is competent enough to fill that position.
他足以勝任那職位。
 
(4)主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+enough+名詞+to+動(dòng)詞原形,表示“……對(duì)某人足以……”。例如:
 He has enough money (=money enough) to buy a car.
他有足夠的錢(qián)買(mǎi)一輛汽車(chē)。
He hasn’t enough sense to realize his mistakes.
他沒(méi)有足夠的辨別力去認(rèn)識(shí)自己的錯(cuò)誤。

 

 
圖片
鞏固練習(xí)
 
 
 I.單項(xiàng)選擇。
1. ________ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.
    A. To sleep   
    B. Sleeping   
    C. Sleep    
    D. Having slept
2. I'm going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything ________?
    A. to be buying   
    B. to buy   
    C. for buying   
    D. bought
3. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ________ in my new job.
    A. expected   
    B. to expect   
    C. to be expecting   
    D. expects
4. She watched the children ________ in the garden.
  A. to be played   B. to play   C. play   D. to have played
5. The teacher asked us ________ so much noise.
    A. don't make   B. not make   C. not making   D. not to make
6.-I usually go there by train.
-Why not _______ by boat for a change?
  A. to try going   B. trying to go  C. to try and go  D. try going
7. Paul doesn't have to be made _______. He always works hard.
  A. learn    B. to learn    C. learned     D. learning
8. Tell him _______ the window.
    A. to shut not   B. not to shut  C. to not shut  D. not shut
9. She pretended _______ me when I passed by.
    A. not to see   B. not seeing   C. to not see   D. having not seen
10. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _______ after drinking.
  A. never to drive   B. to never driver
  C. never driving    D. never drive
11 . The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.
  A. to eat no   B. eating not  C. not to eat   D. not eating
12. I saw him _______ out of the room.
    A. go    B. had gone    C. has gone    D. goes
13. —The light in the office is still on.
   —Oh, I forgot _______.
  A. turning it off   B. turn it off
  C. to turn it off   D. having turned it off
14. He always prefers _______ a bicycle. rather than _______ on a crowded bus.
A. to ride;ride      B. riding;ride  
C. ride;to ride       D. to ride;riding
15. The price is too low for customers________.
     A. to believe     B. believing     C.  believed    D. believe
[真題鏈接]
1. The joke was so funny that it made him ____ again and again.
   A. laugh                 B. to laugh             C. laughed        D. laughs
2. We stopped _________, but there was not any sound.
A. to listen                      B. listens              C. listen                D. Listening
3. Mr. Smith told his son _____ the football match because of the exam.
   A. not to watch                                                            B. to not watch               
   C. not watching                                       圖片                D. doesn’t watch
II.把下列的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句改為enough to或too…to的句式。
1. The room is so large that it can hold one hundred people.
  _________________________________________________
2. The room is so small that it can’t hold one hundred people.
_________________________________________________
3. The text is so easy that a child can understand it.
__________________________________________________
4. The text is so difficult that a child can’t understand it.
__________________________________________________
5. He is so short that he can't be a good basketball player.
    ___________________________________________________  
III.根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示,使用動(dòng)詞不定式補(bǔ)全下列句子(每空一詞)。
1. 他還太小,無(wú)法做這事。
He is _______young a boy _______do it.
2. 他手頭的工作太多了,不能跟我們?nèi)ヒ安汀?/span>
He has ______ much work on hand ______ ______ picnicking with us.
3. 他跑得飛快,足以抓住那小偷。
He ran fast _______ ________ catch the thief.
4. 我們老師年紀(jì)已夠得上退休了。
Our teacher is ______ ______ ______retire.
5. 按時(shí)完成作業(yè)對(duì)我們而言很重要。
  It is important _______ _______ _______ finish the homework on time.

 

 

參考答案

 
I.單項(xiàng)選擇。
1. A。Bob 關(guān)了鬧鐘的目的是為了多睡一會(huì)兒,不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在此作目的狀語(yǔ)。
2. B。此處考查不定式作定語(yǔ)。表示“要……”,有將來(lái)的意味。
3. B。此題考查“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作賓語(yǔ)的情形。句子主語(yǔ)“I”與不定式短語(yǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此要選to expect。
4. C。在表示感覺(jué)、視、聽(tīng)等生理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞后,用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式要省略to。
5. D。與其它非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一樣,不定式的否定形式即在to do的前邊加上否定詞not。
6. D。why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。
7. B。在主動(dòng)句中,make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式,當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)句時(shí),to 不可省略。
8. B。tell sb. to do sth.的否定形式為tell sb. not to do sth.。
9. A。pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
10. A。warn sb. to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb. not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never。
11. C。warn一詞要求后用不定式,此句為被動(dòng)句,否定形式為be warned not to do sth.。
12.A。see sb. do sth.看見(jiàn)某人做某事。這里是省略to的不定式作了賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
13. C。forget to do sth.忘記(要)做某事。這里是動(dòng)詞不定式作了賓語(yǔ)。
14. A。prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 意為“寧愿做……不愿做……”。
15. A。too...to ...意為“太而不能”。句意為“價(jià)格太低讓顧客難以相信”。
[真題鏈接]
1.A。句意:這個(gè)笑話如此好笑以至于讓他笑了一次又一次。make + sb. + do(省略to的不定式) 表示“使某人做某事,讓某人做某事”。
2. A。句意:我們停下來(lái)去聽(tīng),但是那里沒(méi)有任何的聲音。stop to do sth. 表示 “停下來(lái)正在做的事情,去做別的事情”;stop doing 表示 “停止做某事”。根據(jù)句意,選A。
3. A。句意:史密斯先生告訴他的兒子不要看足球比賽了,因?yàn)橐荚嚵恕ell sb. to do sth.告訴某人做某事。tell sb. not to do sth. 告訴某人不要做某事。
II.把下列的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句改為enough to或too…to的句式。
1. The room is large enough to hold one hundred people.
2. The room is too small (not large enough) to hold one hundred people.
3. The text is easy enough for a child to understand.
4. The text is too difficult (not easy enough) for a child to understand.
5. He is too short (not tall enough )to be a good basketball player.
III.根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)提示,使用動(dòng)詞不定式補(bǔ)全下列句子(每空一詞)。
1.too, to  2. too, to go   3. enough to   4. old enough to   5. for us to

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